ADDAX ANTELOPE

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
COMMON NAME:
addax antelope
KINGDOM:
Animalia
PHYLUM:
Chordata
CLASS:
Mammalia
ORDER:
Artiodactyla
FAMILY:
Bovidae
GENUS SPECIES:
Addax (wild animal with crooked horns) nasomaculatus (nasus - the nose, macula - a spot or mark)

FAST FACTS
DESCRIPTION:
Both sexes have horns, mat of brown hair on forehead, rest of body grayish-white
SIZE:
Head and body length = 150-170 cm (59.1-66.9 in)
MALE
Height at shoulders = 105-114 cm (3.5-3.8 ft)
FEMALE
Height at shoulders = 93-108 cm (3.1-3.6 ft)
WEIGHT:

MALE
99-123.75 kg (220-275 lbs)
FEMALE
60-125 kg (132-275 lbs)
DIET:
Desert succulents, grasses and herbs, leaves of small bushes
GESTATION:
257-264 days; one offspring per birth weighing 4.7-6.75 kg (10.5-15 lbs)
SEXUAL MATURITY:

MALE
At 3 years
FEMALE
At 1.5 years
LIFE SPAN:
Up to 19 years
RANGE:
Northern Africa (Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger)
HABITAT:
Sand and stony desert, semi-desert, and barren steppes
POPULATION:
GLOBAL
Approximately 500 left in the wild
STATUS:
IUCN
Critically Endangered
CITES
Appendix I
USFWS
Endangered

FUN FACTS
1.
Addax possess broad, flat hooves with flat soles that help prevent them from sinking into the desert sand.
2.
These antelope are one of the few species where male and females have horns of the same size.
3.
These desert antelopes' coat color changes from dark grayish-brown in winter to white in the summer - an efficient method of maintaining body temperatures.
4.
Addax will dig depressions in the sand in which to rest. These are often located in the shade of boulders for protection from the wind and sun.
5.
Often considered the most-well adapted antelope to a desert environment, addax rarely need to drink since they are able to get most of the water they need from the plants they eat.
6.
Addax herds would typically consist of 5-20 individuals, led by one dominant male. Female herd members establish their own dominance hierarchy, with the oldest individuals achieving the highest rank. It should be noted that this group structure is not as standard anymore due to their near extinction in the wild. Most addax now travel in small clusters of only a few individuals.
7.
Addax are one of the most endangered mammals in the world. Current estimates show there to be less than 500 individuals left in the wild.


ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION
Addax are nearly extinct in the wild, having been eliminated from much of their original range. These antelope have been hunted for their valuable meat and skin. They have also been destroyed by farmers and cattlemen, so as not to compete with their cattle for grazing land. Much of the addax population was decimated during the World Wars. Probably the only reason they are still alive in the wild at all is the fact that they can live in uninhabitable places with extreme heat, extensive sand dunes, and other harsh conditions where it is extremely difficult for humans to reach. Since they are so heavily built they are not capable of great speeds and are easily overtaken by horses, dogs, and, of course, vehicles. Antelope are important to habitats as grazers and browsers. They are also important as prey for carnivores. Addax reintroductions to a park in Tunisia have been successful as well as reintroductions to Niger. In a cooperative effort with other AZA (American Association of Zoos and Aquariums) institutions, Busch Gardens closely manages addax populations through a program called the Species Survival Plan (SSP), which works to improve the genetic diversity of managed animal populations. Busch Gardens currently has 30 SSP animals.

Koala

Latin name:
Phascolarctos cinereus
(Greek: phaskolos means pouch; arktos means bear. Latin: cinereus means ash-colored.)
Koalas are marsupials, females having a pouch in which their young first develop. Their pouch faces the rear and has a drawstringlike muscle that the mother can tighten. They are the sole member of the family Phascolarctidae.

Taxonomy:
Kingdom: Animal
Phylum: Vertibrata
Class: Mammalia
Sub-Class: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Sub-Order: Vombatiformes
Infra order: Phascolarctomorphia
Family: Phascolarctidae
Genus: Phascolarctos Cinereus

Subspecies:
There are three subspeies:
P.c. victor (Victoria)
P.c. cinereus (New South Wales)
P.c. adustus (Queensland).

Size:
Size is larger in the southern regions. Head-body length in the south average 30.7 in./78 cm for males and 28 in./72 cm for females.

Weight:
Average 26 lbs/11.8 kg for southern males and 17.4 lbs/7.9 kg for southern females. In the north, males average 14.3 lbs/6.5 kg; females 11.2 lbs/5.1 kg. At birth young weighs only 0.5 gm. (This is no typo; it is amazing how small they are at birth, about the size of a bee.)

Fur:
The fur of the koala in southern region is thick and woolly and is thicker and longer on the back than on the belly. Koalas in northern region have a short coat; this gives them a naked appearnace. The color and pattern of the coat varies considerably between individuals and with age.

Coat:
Thickest of the marsupials. Gray to tawny: white on the chin, chest, and forelimbs. Rump consists of tougher connective tissue dappled with white patches. Fluffy ears with longer white hairs. Coat is shorter and lighter in color toward northern regions.

Gestation period:
34-36 days.

Life span:
Their life span today varies considerably due to stress factors, probably averaging 13-18 years.

Principal predator:
Humans

First described in 1908 by E. Home.



A Brief History
koalas
There were once several different kinds of koala - all but one of which had died out. The earliest known member of the koala family was a browser, which lived 15 millions years ago. Evidence of a 'giant' koala, twice the size of its modern descendant, exists in fossils dating back more than 40,000 years. The sequence of koalas in the fossil record:

* 15 million years ago: Perikoala palankarinnica

* 10 million years ago: Litokoala kutjamarpensis

* 5 million years ago: Koobor notabilis & Koobor jimbarratti

* 0 million years ago: Phascolarctos cinereus & Phascolarctos stirtoni

* 1798, January 26: The 1st record of a koala being seen by an European, named John Price.

* 1803, August 21: The first detailed account of a koala was published in Sydney Gazette.

* 1816: the French naturalist de Blainwill gave the koala its scientific name, Phascolarctos, from the Greek words for 'leather pouch' and 'bear'. Later, the German naturalist Goldfuss gave it the specific name cinereus, meaning 'ash-coloured', after the color of the original specimen.

From: Koala Handbook by Simon Hunter

History of the name: "koala"
In their history of the koala, Tom Iredale and Gilbert Whitley (1934) suggest that the common name "koala" was derived from an Aboriginal dialect of eastern New South Wales. Ronald Strahan (1978) lists cullewine, koolewong, colo, colah, koolah, kaola and koala as published dialectal variations of the name in that region, "complicated by problems of transliteration and printers" errors.

The early settlers referred to koalas as sloths, monkeys, bears, and even monkey bears, adopting the unfortunate practice of transposing the names of animals which were already familiar to Europeans to Australian lookalikes. The virtual absence of a tail, together with their stocky build and their relatively long legs, gives the koalas a bear-like appearance, and undoubtedly led to their being referred to as, "koala bears", or, "native bears".

From: The Koala: A Natural History by Anthony Lee & Roger Martin


Birth and Pouch Life
koala

* Usually, koalas produce only a single young, rarely twins are born.

* At birth, the young is about 19 mm in length and weighs about 0.5 g.

* At 7 weeks, the young has a head length of about 26 mm. The head is large in proportion to the rest of the body.

* By 13 weeks, the young has attained a body weight of about 50 g and a head length of 50 mm.

* At about 22 weeks of age, the eyes open and the young begins to poke its head out of the pouch for the first time.

* By 24 weeks of age, the cub is fully furred and the first teeth erupt.


* At 30 weeks, the cub weighs about 0.5 kg and has a head length of 70 mm. It now spends most of the time out of the pouch clinging to the mother's belly.

* Some 6 weeks later, the cub weighs 1 kg and no longer enters the pouch. It spends much of the time sitting on the mother's back, but returns to the mother's belly in cold, wet weather and to sleep.

* At 37 weeks, the cub moves from contact with the mother; the excursions were brief and quickly terminated if the mother moved.

* At 44 weeks, the cub still ventures less than a meter from the mother.

* By 48 weeks, the cub is more adventurous and no longer squeaked when the mother was removed. At this age, mother and cub are often seen sleeping back to back.

* The cub remains with the mother until about 12 months of age when it weighs a little over 2 kg.

From: The Koala: A Natural History by Anthony Lee & Roger Martin


Koala Physiology
koala

* Unlike bears or seals, koalas do not rely on a layer of fat below the skin as a form of insulation.

* Blood flow to extremities in cold weather, as in humans, can be reduced, resulting in the conservation of heat.

* Shivering has also been observed in cold climes as a means of creating heat through rapid contractions of certain muscles. This seems to occur when outdoor temperatures drop below 10 degrees Centigrade.

* When temperatures exceed 25-30 degrees Centigrade, koalas use evaporative cooling in their airways to regulate body temperature by increasing respiration rates. They can simultaneously reduce water loss by decreasing the amount of water in their urine.

From: Koalas - Australia's Ancient Ones by Ken Phillips


More Koala Facts
picture of an albino koala

* Koalas don't live in families, but are solitary animals.

* Koalas sleep as long as 18 hours a day and have a low-energy diet of eucalyptus leaves.

* Koalas are not "drunk" or otherwise intoxicated by their leaves.

* Although koalas obtain most of their water from leaves -- the name koala is thought to mean "no drink" in several native Aboriginal tongues -- they do occasionally drink water at the edges of streams.